We must address different categories of berachot, for which there are different reasons and details.
Netilat yadayim and Asher Yatzar – There are three possible reasons for washing our hands with a beracha upon waking in the morning, before davening: 1. Our hands probably got dirty as we slept.‎{&&1}‎ 2. Since in the morning we are like new beings, we set out on a process of purification and of blessing HaShem.‎{&&2}‎ 3. We are affected by a ru’ach ra’ah (evil spirit), which is remedied by netilat yadayim.‎{&&3}‎
Reason 1 does not apply if one did not sleep and kept his hands clean. It is not fully clear whether reasons 2 and 3 apply if one did not sleep. The Rama‎{&&4}‎ says that although one should wash his hands as usual in this case, he should not make the beracha, out of doubt. When one who slept recites the beracha on behalf of those who did not, they are able to take part in the beracha. One who did not sleep but went to the bathroom, and in so doing touched covered parts of his body, also says a beracha.‎{&&5}‎ Reason 1 certainly applies to such a person and the others are likely to apply, as the night has passed by the time of alot hashachar.‎{&&6}‎
Asher Yatzar is said whenever one recently went to the bathroom, and there is no need to have someone recite it publicly for those who were up all night.‎{&&7}‎
Birkot hashachar – Most of the berachot in this series, thanking HaShem for different elements of our lives, were originally recited as one received the corresponding benefit (e.g., putting on shoes, clothes, straightening the body).‎{&&8}‎ Nevertheless, our practice is to make these berachot together, regardless of whether we recently received the benefit.‎{&&9}‎ Therefore, even one who did not sleep and/or did not renew these benefits can recite the berachot because the appropriate praise of HaShem is valid in regard to other people. The main issue is with the berachot of HaMa’avir Sheina and Elokai Neshama, both of which focus specifically on awaking from sleep and are recited, at least partially, in the first person. The Mishna Berura‎{&&10}‎ rules that one should hear these berachot from one who slept. On the other hand, one who recites these berachot despite not sleeping has whom to rely upon,‎{&&11}‎ especially if no one who slept is available.
Birkot haTorah (before the study of Torah) – It is unclear whether the reason one is obligated to make birkot haTorah every morning is the fact that it is a new day or that his sleep ended the efficacy of the old beracha. Due to this doubt, the Mishna Berura‎{&&12}‎ rules that one who was up all night does not make birkot haTorah at daybreak but hears them from someone who slept. (Rav Ovadya Yosef‎{&&13}‎ disagrees.) However, the Mishna Berura accepts the following idea of Rav Akiva Eiger: If one took a reasonably long nap during the previous day, he says birkot haTorah the next morning despite having stayed up all night, assuming he has not said them since he awoke. This is because he is obligated according to both approaches; he has slept, and a day has passed since he last said birkot haTorah. It is better to hear birkot haTorah from such people (who are common on Shavuot) than from one who put his head down for a few minutes at night. Be aware that one who sleeps at night makes birkot haTorah before resuming learning. Thus, he is available to recite them on others’ behalf only if he came to shul when they are ready to hear the birkot haTorah or if he did not recite them when he arose. (Note: everyone recites the Torah texts starting with “Yevarecheca” and ending with “k’neged kulam” that are found in our siddurim after the birkot haTorah).
Tzitzit – It is unclear if we are obligated in tzitzit at night and thus whether we need a beracha in the morning. One should hear someone else’s beracha or be yotzei with the beracha on his or another’s tallit.‎{&&14}‎
In general, what is considered significant sleep may depend on where (bed or chair) and/or how long (opinions range from a minute to a half hour and beyond) he sleeps. The halacha may differ for the various topics addressed above.‎{&&15}‎